The site has a very clear terrain form preserved in the landscape and is one of the few objects of this type in Upper Silesia. In the immediate vicinity of the monument, there are three other defensive structures - hillforts, this Jędrychowice-Włodzienin complex located on the Troja River is unique in the country.

History of the object

The hillfort in Jędrychowice (site 1) dates back to the 14th-15th centuries. The origin of small defensive structures, erected on artificially raised mounds or natural hills and surrounded by a moat, is associated with the Normans and Western Europe, where such objects were common as early as the mid-ninth century, and according to some the oldest may even date from the eighth century. In France, these types of mounded settlement are referred to as motte, while in Germany the term Wasserburge is used.

In Poland, the so-called motte-and-bailey castles are usually dated to the 13th-15th centuries. Such settlements became common in the second half of the 13th century, most probably the majority of them were erected in the 14th century, in the 15th century they slowly began to fall into disuse, and the period of their functioning ended at the beginning of the 16th century, although individual settlements survived until the 18th century. According to L. Kajzer, tower castles were an element of the symbolism of the knighthood state and were created and shaped along with its other determinants. Castle experts estimate that there were about ten times more small knight’s castles, “defensive mansions” in Poland than there were large brick castle complexes. In the 14th century they were already very popular and numerous in the cultural landscape of the Polish Middle Ages.

Description of the structure

The hillfort in Jędrychowice (site 1) is located to the south of Włodzienin village (approx. 650 m south of the church), in the fork of the Troja River and its right tributary the Kałuża Creek. The tree-lined monument is adjacent to a pond and is surrounded by small groves of forest and arable fields.

The object is a good example of the remnants of a late-medieval, small, wooden-earth settlement with a residential and defensive function, which was most probably a knight’s residence.

The hillfort is approximately circular in plan, has an area of approx. 1 ha and a diameter of approx. 100-110 m. The central mound, about 40 m in diameter (damaged), is surrounded by a massive, high rampart that has a gap on the west side, where the Kałuża Creek is located. The object is large in size and is much larger than the “classic” small motte-and-bailey castles.

Archaeological excavations on the site were conducted in 1929 (Georg Raschke) and in 1970, 1972-73 (Michał Parczewski). The work uncovered traces of a hut, recorded a cultural layer, and found movable artefacts that confirmed the dating of the monument. Among other things, they found a fragment of a cross with the image of Christ, which was made of “clay covered with a glaze”. In addition to the late medieval relics, a fragment of pottery from the prehistoric Lusatian culture (from the Bronze Age - early Iron Age) was discovered in a secondary deposit.

Thanks to archaeological excavations carried out throughout the country, we now know what medieval wooden-earth fortified settlements looked like and how they were built. Due to their small size, they are also referred to as hillforts or knight’s mansions, or even as “wooden castles”. Sites with permanent access to water and defensible in nature were preferred for the location of the settlements. The settlements were usually located in wetlands, meadows and marshes in the immediate vicinity of small river courses, which provided access to water and limited the access to the site, and thus increased its defensibility. Some settlements were built on low hills dominating the surroundings or on elevated promontories of river terraces. The hillfort at Jędrychowice is a good example, but it is noteworthy that the site is much larger than a typical motte-and-bailey castle. According to J. Kaźmierczyk, the location of particular motte-and-bailey castles in Silesia is to a large extent connected with the course of borders of particular principalities.

In general, the “classical” so-called knight’s castle was a relatively small, modest residence and in fact was a very simple defensive structure. It had a solid wooden residential and defensive tower, built in the log technique and placed on an artificially raised mound-embankment. The earthen mound with a tower was surrounded by a wide moat, which was excavated during the construction of the embankment. On the one hand, raising a mound made the settlement more inaccessible and therefore increased its defensibility; on the other hand, it was often necessary and served to isolate the residence-manor from the marshy ground. The height of preserved mounds is usually only a few meters, their bases are usually circular or slightly oval in plan, much less quadrilateral, and their diameters usually range from 20-50 meters. Again, it should be noted that the object in Jędrychowice is definitely larger in size. In the case of castles built on hills and promontories, the workload was saved because the artificial embankment did not have to be high and the moat did not necessarily have to surround the object - it was enough to cut it off from the rest of the promontory with this obstacle. It is believed that the tower, together with any accompanying small buildings, was surrounded by a wooden palisade or fence, and the mound itself was reinforced with e.g. stilts or fascines, so that it was as stable and resistant to landslides as possible. A fortified settlement of this kind certainly had a wooden bridge over a wide moat. Relics of settlements have also been discovered that were originally more developed and somewhat larger, e.g. they consisted of two mounds or had an additional rampart (originally probably wooden and earth) and a second moat surrounding the whole. The preserved ducal tower in Siedlęcin, Jelenia Góra district, Dolnośląskie Voivodeship, is an example of this type of a luxurious residential and defensive structure of a wealthy feudal lord.

Visitor access. The site is accessible all year round.

Author of the note: Michał Bugaj, Regional Branch of the National Institute of Cultural Heritage in Katowice, 12-02-2018

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